Nervous systems sense environmental inputs and cellular cues and their development, which mainly relies on the correct differentiation of two cell types, neurons, and glia. It is a vital process for animals to execute functions such as cognition, learning, and memory.
Neurons in the Brain of Human Central Nervous System (CNS)
The most complex biological tissue is the human CNS, which includes an average of 86.1 billion neurons in the brain and spinal cord, along with a roughly equal number of glial cells. There may be several hundred trillion to well over a quadrillion synapses in the entire adult CNS. During neurogenesis, these processes are particularly dynamic. Neurons are generated at staggering rates—approximately 3.86 million each hour during prenatal cortical neurogenesis and 4.6 million each hour in the whole CNS over the course of developmental neurogenesis.
Purkinje Cells in Cerebellar
The cerebellum contains five main types of intrinsic neurons: Granule cells have tiny cell bodies; small dendritic arbors; the basket; stellate cells and Golgi cells. At the same time, the cerebellum contains a single type of projection neuron, the Purkinje cell. Not only do these neurons have a highly stereotyped architecture, but they are essentially two dimensional: they have somewhat the shape of a leaf.
Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex are an informative example of neurons with high interconnectivity. They belong to the largest neurons in the human brain and establish the most extensive dendritic arborization in the CNS, which allows for the formation of up to 200 000 synaptic inputs per neuron. Determination of the fractal dimensions of Purkinje cells as a measure for dendritic arborization has been performed for some representative species and revealed an increase over evolutionary time consistent with an increase of morphological complexity of neurons during evolution.
Pyramidal Neurons in Cerebral
The term “pyramidal cell” is used for neurons in several brain structures (there are hippocampal pyramidal cells) and generally denotes a large cell with a roughly triangular soma from which arise distinct sets of apical and basal dendrites. They have a wide variety of shapes and projections. Their cell bodies can be located in any of the cortical layers except layer 1.
Pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex may be an informative example of changes in morphological complexity during evolution. It is the largest site of neuronal integration in the brain and plays a key role in higher cognitive functions such as memory and attention. During mammalian evolution, the cerebral cortex has established a large relative expansion with an allocation of approximately eight neurons in the cerebral cortex for every neuron allocated to the rest of the brain.
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